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The brain changes physiologically as a result of experience. The environment in which a brain operates determines to a large degree the functioning ability of that brain.
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Critical, relatively short periods exist in which the infant’s brain must have certain kinds of stimulation to develop properly, including areas such as vision, language and thinking.
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The fetal brain and the young infant’s brain are especially vulnerable to damage from toxins and malnutrition, although damage may not show up until learning disabilities appear years later.
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Brain imaging through the use of functional resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly allowing researchers to see what areas of the brain are working when children are performing tasks such as reading and speech.
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The most rapid brain growth occurs in the first three years of a child’s life. By age 3, a child’s brain has formed about 1,000 trillion connections – about twice as many as adults have. By early adolescence, the brain is eliminating more synapses than it is producing. By late adolescence, half of the synapses have been discarded leaving only 500 trillion. This number remains relatively constant through the rest of the life cycle. By the time a child is 6, the brain is 90 to 95% of its adult size.
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At one time it was thought that children undergo only one significant period of gray-matter building and pruning. Now it is believed children undergo another significant period in early adolescence just prior to puberty. During this period the production occurs most significantly in the frontal lobe, the area responsible for planning, impulse control and reasoning.
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All human behavior can be traced to the communications among neurons.Scientists have learned that different regions of the cortex increase in size when they are exposed to stimulating conditions, and the longer the exposure, the more they grow. Research bears out that an enriched environment can boost the number of synapses that children form.
Provided by: First 5 Placer Children and Families Commission
www.first5placer.org